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• Define actio professional#

244 (2003), the University of Michigan's Undergraduate Admissions Office used a points-based system in its admission process. The Court did not hold a majority opinion, but the main legal takeaway from Bakke is that the Constitution prohibits a school from having racial quotas.

265 (1978), the University of California's Medical School at Davis reserved 16 spots in each entering class of 100 students for minority students. In Regents of the University of California v. This decision acted as a precursor to many of the education-based affirmative action cases in the Supreme Court which followed in later years. 483 (1954), the Supreme Court held that public schools may not exclude minority students from white schools by sending the minority students to a school that separately services minority students. In chronological order, here is a non-exhaustive list of Supreme Court decisions related to affirmative action. Supreme Court Decisions Related to Education: The Boy Scouts of America Equal Access Act (Section 9525 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) (equal access for outside community groups to school facilities during non-school hours).Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (people with disabilities).Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 (gender).Age Discrimination Act of 1975 (people of a certain age).Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (race, color, religion, national origin).The Office of Civil Rights enforces the following education anti-discrimination laws: Educational institutions which have acted discriminatorily in the past must take affirmative action as a remedy. Recipients of federal funds are required to document their affirmative action practices and metrics. Titles I and V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Sections 501 and 505 (people with disabilities).Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (people of a certain age).Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (race, color, religion, national origin).The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, created by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, enforces the following employment anti-discrimination laws: Affirmative action is also a remedy, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, where a court finds that an employer has intentionally engaged in discriminatory practices. GeneralĮmployers who contract with the government or who otherwise receive federal funds are required to document their affirmative action practices and metrics. 469 (1989), the Supreme Court held that strict scrutiny applies to state statutes which set standards for affirmative action. Enforcement is conducted by the U.S Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Kennedy issued an executive order mandating government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." ( Executive Order 10925) Since 1965, government contractors have been required to document their affirmative action programs through compliance reports, to contain "such information as to the practices, policies, programs, and employment policies, programs, and employment statistics of the contractor and each subcontractor. While the concept of affirmative action has existed in America since the 19th century, it first appeared in its current form in President Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 (1961): "The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." Employment: Government Contractors In modern American jurisprudence, it typically imposes remedies against discrimination on the basis of (at the very least) race, creed, color, and national origin.

Define actio professional#

Applicants may be seeking admission to an educational program or looking for professional employment. Affirmative action is defined as a set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination among applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future.